What factors can affect sonar data interpretation?

Sonar data interpretation is influenced by several environmental and physical factors that can alter sound propagation in the water. Water temperature, salinity, pressure changes, and environmental noise are critical components because they directly affect the speed and behavior of sound waves underwater.

Water temperature impacts the density of water, which in turn influences sound speed; warmer water typically allows sound to travel faster. Salinity also plays a role, as variations in salt concentration change the water's acoustic properties. Pressure changes, which can occur with changes in depth, are significant because increased pressure can amplify sound transmission. Environmental noise encompasses a variety of sounds from natural (such as marine life) and anthropogenic (like boats and machinery) sources that can mask or distort sonar signals, making data interpretation more challenging.

While moon phases, tidal currents, wind speed, temperature changes on land, and solid ground interference can have some effect on oceanographic conditions, they do not relate as directly to the sonar data interpretation as the factors provided in the correct answer. Understanding how these key variables interact is essential for accurate sonar data readings and interpretations.