What is meant by 'long-range acoustic propagation'?

Long-range acoustic propagation refers to the ability of sound waves to travel significant distances underwater, often hundreds or even thousands of kilometers. This phenomenon occurs due to various factors, including the unique properties of the ocean environment, such as temperature, salinity, and pressure, which can affect how sound waves are refracted and attenuated in water. The ocean can create conditions, such as sound channels, which allow sound to travel more efficiently over long distances without being absorbed significantly by the surrounding water.

In oceanography and naval applications, understanding long-range acoustic propagation is crucial for a variety of purposes, including sonar operations, submarine communication, and marine biology studies. This capability enhances the effectiveness of underwater communication and detection systems, making it an important area of study within acoustic oceanography.