Which water condition is associated with the least sound absorption?

A smooth sea surface is associated with the least sound absorption because it minimizes surface scattering and turbulence, which can disrupt the transmission of sound waves. When water is calm, sound travels more efficiently through the medium without losing energy to surface disturbances.

In contrast, rough and choppy sea surfaces create more turbulence and surface waves, which scatter sound energy and increase absorption. The interaction of sound waves with irregular surface conditions leads to greater losses as the energy is dissipated through mechanical movement and turbulence within the water column. Thus, a smooth sea surface allows for more direct transmission of sound with minimal loss, making it the ideal condition for sound propagation in water.